2.4. UCZ Classification Using the influential urban spatial elements identified, the UCZs of the study area were classified by mean clustering analysis. Since this study had a large number of samples (N: 52,961), K-mean clustering analysis was applied due to its efficacy of ascertaining ...
Table 2. Soil classification results of the foundation surface materials of the six test sites. The particle size distribution curves of the foundation materials of the six test sites are shown in Figure 7. The foundation materials at Sites CRCP-23-A, CRCP-4, JPCP-4-A, and JPCP-4-B we...
Road transport in particular accounted for more than 70% of all greenhouse gas emissions from transport in 2014. A final aspect that also plays an important role is the scarcity of urban space due to both the increase in the urban population and the massive use of passenger cars. Therefore,...
According to this classification scheme, any farmland, including cropland, grassland, and forest, can be regarded as agricultural land. Several land cover types in the 2000 NLC data were combined to map three agricultural land classes—cropland, grassland, and forest. Specifically, paddy and dry ...
On the other hand, high performance districts concentrate at the east of city as shown in green color. This detailed result can be seen using the classification method as illustrated in Figure 8d. Land consumption for road infrastructure becomes the highest consumption of land for transportation ...
The normalization formula for the indexes of the population density and the road density is as follows. Norm = X − Minvalue Maxvalue − Minvalue where Norm is the normalized influence factor value, the range is [0, 1], the X is the original value of a unit grid in the image, ...
Introduction of an empirical classification system for evaluating tunneling impact on the discharge of springs (TIS) in the surrounding areas. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 2021, 80, 5725–5742. [CrossRef] 38. Yang, L. Environmental Impact Assessment of Road Tunnels Based on Life Cycle Assessment...
The major steps are explained in detail below: (1) Basic RS image operations, such as atmospheric correction and radiometric calibration, were used. ISO unsupervised classification and spectral index of MNDWI were calculated through ENVI 5.2 [46,47]. (2) MNF transform is a tool for determining...
Road changes were detected by comparing road classes from the classification results with the road centerline vectors. The approaches mentioned above enable detecting changes in 2.5D (DSMs) or only in 2D (Maps), both of which may cause loss of information under trees. In contrast, two ALS ...
road Distance to water Economic growth rate Elevation Housing density Housing growth rate Population density Population growth rate Slope 0.4491 0.2272 0.4559 0.1681 0.2069 0.2781 0.1545 0.2663 0.1700 0.2764 0.2251 0.1847 0.2218 0.2075 0.0814 0.6516 0.3075 0.7176 0.4045 0.6778 0.4165 0.2389 0.4229 0.1255 ...