(Zhao et al., 2019). The distribution of humans in a region can be found by analyzing the relationship between population density and nighttime satellite imagery derived from the visible near-infrared (IR) band (Amaral et al., 2005; Sutton et al., 1997). A different way to measure ...
Urban ecology has gained prominence as a field of research and practice as the planet’s human population became majority urban. By 2006, half of the world’s human population lived in cities. By the middle of this century, more than two-thirds of people will call urban places home (United...
Our model reveals that population density decreased as GDPpc increased with a significant path coefficient of −0.610, which indicates that while the city expanded, it also became less dense. This finding corresponds well with Jakarta's out-migration statistics. During 2005–2010 > 8 million peop...
Road segment I was naturally not affected by A, but it also became congested at 6:45 (an hour and 15 min before G). Further investigation reveals that A was not congested due to the congestions in F or L as well, as these roads became congested only at 7:45 an hour and 15 min ...
Equation (14) can be expressed as an equation for the probability density P ≡ P[xi, t∣xi(0), 0] of observing xi at time t, having started with an initial condition where xi(0) was observed at time zero, $$\frac{d}{dt}P=\frac{{d}^{2}}{d{x}_{i}^{2}}{\sigma }...
(i.e., low-density urban development) expanded dramatically from 1950 to 2000, particularly in the Eastern Temperate Forest ecoregion. Likewise, Radeloff et al. (2005) examined the interface between wildlands and urban areas, noting that 9% of the land area and 39% of all houses in the ...
In spring the Siberian air mass warms and loses density, enabling atmosphere currents over the Pacific to steer warmer air into northeast Asia. This warm, moisture-laden air covers most of southern Japan during June and July. The resulting late spring rains then give way to a drier summer ...
The conventional higher mathematics can be used as an effective tool for modeling and analyzing such phenomena. On the contrary, for the scale-free phenomena, we cannot find effective length, area, volume, density, eigenvalue, mean value, standard deviation, and so forth. If the spatial ...
On the one hand, it was found that compact growth patterns of urban development (also known as smart growth) can lead to an overall reduction, at the city scale, in flood losses compared to low-density urban sprawls [77,78]. This can be related to the concentration of urban development...
We drew attention a few years ago to the issue ofEmpty houses in Mexico,a problem due in part to on-going rural-urban migration, and in part to the construction of millions of new homes across Mexico. Thirty years ago, there were only 15 recognized metropolitan areas in Mexico, today the...