Upper motor neuron diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which a degeneration of motor neurons of the cortex and tronchoencephalic motor nucleus occurs. Clinically, these disorders are characterized
Uppermotor neurondiseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders in which a degeneration ofmotor neuronsof the cortex and tronchoencephalic motor nucleus occurs. Clinically, these disorders are characterized byweakness, motor clumsiness, spasticity, andhyperreflexia. The major cause of morbidity and morta...
Upper Motor Neurones Strokes are a common cause of UMN signs since cranial or brainstem ischaemia affects the function of neurones located in these regions. The clinical signs caused by strokes typically relate to the affected vessel and its respective blood distribution. In particular, UMN signs ...
The complex neural substrate for motor control in de- myelinating diseases remains to be fully understood. Recent neuroimaging evidence from patients with long-standing MS suggests that the mean upper cer- vical cord area, and the presence of cervical and infra- tentorial lesions, appear to be ...
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by upper motor neuron (UMN) and lower motor neuron (LMN) involvement. Their varying degree of involvement results in a clinical heterogenous picture, making clinical assessments of UMN signs in patients wi...
The trans-synaptic nature of the engagement of motor nuclei during epidural stimulation implies that the connectivity between sensory afferents and motoneurons is of primary importance for the modulation exerted by EES. However, to date, even for the intensively studied Ia-to-motoneuron pathway19,20...
Diseases of the upper motor unit may be classified according to pathophysiologic causes (i.e., metabolic, degenerative, traumatic, congenital–structural, infectious, or toxic). A similar classification may be used for lower motor unit diseases; such diseases also may be categorized by the anatomic...
These interactions may be related to the “auditory action” system, similar to the mirror neuron system. The auditory system primarily affects motor output in a predictive manner. For instance, musicians receive input and feedback from multisensory information by repeatedly practicing hand and upper...
Cranial and peripheral nerves may be involved in such disorders as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, motor neuron disease), poliomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, herpes zoster (Ramsay Hunt syndrome), Guillain-Barré syndrome, paraneoplastic neuropathy ...
This therapeutic mechanism promotes motor relearning by activating the mirror neuron system and motor cortex. Similarly, in a controlled study, Michielsen et al. [45] found that patients receiving mirror therapy had a shift in the balance of activation in the primary motor cortex from the ...