aThe atmosphere is a mixture of gases with constant proportions up to 80 km or more from ground. The exceptions are Ozone, which is concentrated in the lower stratosphere, and water vapor in the lower troposphere. Carbon dioxide is the principal atmosphere gas, with its concentration varying ...
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are aerosols with an aerodynamic diameter of 0.1 µm (100 nm) or less. There is a growing concern in the public health community about the contribution of UFPs to human health. Despite their modest mass and size, they dominate in terms of the number of p...