The technique utilized ultrasonic pulse-echo that determined the ultrasonic wave velocity change due to torque applied between bolt and nut Mild steel bar with nominal diameter of 18mm and 25mm was used. The specimen was loaded by means' of a torque wrench, which gave the required amount of ...
of that of a hardPZT, but theelectromechanical couplingfactorkt=0.41 is larger because of much smaller permittivity (ε=500) than that of the PZT. Furthermore, the maximum vibration velocity of arectangular plate(k31mode) is close to 1m/s (rms value), which is higher than that of ...
magnesium or sintered alumina, is interposed between the array and the work piece such that the wave velocity is greater in the coupling material than in the work piece. Beams corresponding to A, B, C, Fig. 4, will also occur on the other side of the normal and these may be prevented...
Velocity(m/s) Aluminum 6320 Acetate resin 2670 Zinc 4170 Phosphor bronze 3530 Silver 3600 Turpentine 4430 Glod 3240 Glass 5440 Tin 3230 Incoloy alloy 5720 Iron/Steel 5900 Magnesium 6310 Brass 4640 Monel alloy 6020 Copper 4700 Nickle 5630 SUS 5790 Steel 4330(mild) 5850 Acrylic resin 2730 Steel...
The acoustic intensity, in W cm−2, was calculated by using 1542 m s−1 for water sound velocity and 988 m3 kg−1 as water density at 50 °C. 2.5. Ultrasound-assisted demulsification of crude oil For all the experiments using US bath, 20 g of W/O emulsion were transferred to ...
makes this process easy- simply select ‘material’ from the Cal Settings menu and select from a list of common materials. If the desired material isn’t listed, the acoustic velocity of the material can be entered, or a known thickness of the material can be measured at one or two ...
1. Care of the Instrument Clean the instrument and its accessories using a moist cloth. Only use the following recommended instrument cleaners: water, a mild household cleaner or alcohol (no methyl alcohol). Attention: Do not use any methyl alcohol, solvents, or dye penetrated cleaners! The ...
f For D >> l is: N = --- = --- 4l 4c l = wave length c = sound velocity Deff = effective element diameter Focal point and near field length are the distances with the best sound concentration and reflector recognition. Therefore, when a probe is selected for a critical test, the...
The transducer-based approach described in both of these prior art patents is unsuitable for use on processed metal surfaces, which tend to be relatively rough and uneven, and cannot be used for in-line monitoring during metal processing. In addition, the Rayleigh wave velocity measurements used ...
[123]. These observations are supported by the numerical simulations of FSW and UVeFSW process, conducted by Shi et al.[121, 136-137]. The numerical simulations predicted a higher heat generation, decrease in material viscosity and increase in material flow velocity around the pin. These cause...