For instance, cavitational bubbles are difficult to be produced in liquids that are with low vapor pressure or high surface tension, and the population of bubbles decreased, but if the bubbles were formed, high intensity of released energy, as well as strong shockwaves can be expected when ...
A liquid whistle ultrasonic reactor (frequency 5–30 kHz and intensity, 1.5–2.5 W cm−2) which causes hydrodynamic cavitation has been widely used for industrial wastewater treatment [107], oil emulsification [108], liquid–solid mixture homogenization [19] and fat hydrolysis [109]. This type...