An unprecedented mechanism of ubiquitination that is independent of E1 and E2 enzymes, instead relying on activation of ubiquitin by ADP-ribosylation, and which is mediated by members of the SidE effector family encoded by the bacterial pathogen is disclosed. The herein disclosed method demonstrates ...
Ubiquitination is a multistep process that involves ubiquitin activation by E1 enzymes, ubiquitin conjugation to E2 enzymes, and ubiquitin ligation to the substrate protein via E3 enzymes. Ubiquitination can result in proteasomal degradation of the substrate or in recruitment of the substrate to multipr...
Carotenoids are natural pigments that are indispensable to plants and humans, whereas the regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis by post-translational modification remains elusive. Here, we show that a tomato E3 ubiquitin ligase, Plastid Protein Sensing R
a small 76-amino acid protein, to lysine residues in the target protein [1]. Like methylation and acetylation, ubiquitination is also coded to regulate cellular functions through the coordinated actions of enzymes, including “writers” for conjugating ubiquitin to the substrate, “readers...
The activated Ub is then transferred from E1 to the E2, forming a thioester bond between the carboxyl end of the Ub and the cysteine residue at the active center of the E2. In the last step of the enzymatic cascade, the E3 ubiquitin ligase recruits a substrate protein and assists the ...
Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification process in which ubiquitin is covalently bound to target proteins through the combined action of ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin protein ligase (E3), mainly regulating the stability of endogenous protein...
The very conserved Notch pathway is used iteratively during development and adulthood to regulate cell fates. Notch activation relies on interactions between neighboring cells, through the binding of Notch receptors to their ligands, both transmembrane
Three independent sets of experiments were performed to generate the error bars. The error bars represent one standard deviation and the p value was generated with the Student's t test. ∗: p < 0.05. (B) Schematic illustration of the cell number for the whole thymus derived from the ...
This review focuses on the ubiquitination machinery: ubiquitin, unique aspects about the synthesis of ubiquitin and organization of its gene family, ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases, or E3s. Given the large number of E3s in Arabidopsis this...
We found that Mettl13 was downregulated in the failing hearts of mice post-myocardial infarction (MI) and in a cellular model of oxidative stress. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of Mettl13 mediated by AAV9-Mettl13 attenuated cardiac contractile dysfunction and fibrosis in response to MI, ...