IL-6, one of the major cytokines, is deregulated in cancer38. IL6 overexpression can reduce cell proliferation, migration, and invasion both in vitro and in vivo39. In the present study, we found that IL6 expression was downregulated in bladder cancer samples, but upregulated in advanced ...
2. Optimal rice (Oryza sativa) germination temperature ranges from 25 °C to 35 °C; temperatures below 17 °C cause cold stress, with low germination rates, germination delay, retarded growth and seedling mortality3,4. Moreover, low-temperature germinability is a prerequisite for modern...
If misrepaired or left unrepaired, DSBs can lead to carcinogenesis and cell death. DSBs are repaired by two major repair pathways: homology-directed repair (HDR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) (O'Driscoll and Jeggo, 2006). HDR is active only in the S/G2 phases, whereas NHEJ ...
The eukaryotic cell cycle is divided into four major phases, G1, S, G2 and M. The events within these phases and the transitions between them are tightly controlled by the timely degradation of cell cycle regulatory proteins [12–14]. Two E2 ligases have been described which are responsible...
45 However, in contrast to ubiquitination, sumoylation46 does not necessarily commit proteins for degradation. In fact, SUMO may even function as an antagonist of ubiquitin in the degradation of selected proteins. Site-directed mutagenesis has confirmed lysine 161 as the major sumoylation site for...
Thus, therapeutic inhibition of the IL-6-STAT3 signalling axis, with both IL-6- and IL-6Ra-blocking antibodies, has become a major goal, particularly for cancers induced or promoted by chronic inflammation36. As a STAT3-repressed gene, Ube2n expression levels would be expected to increase in...
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterized by the selective autoimmune destruction of the islet β cells, and macrophages play a significant role in this process. Small ubiquitin-like modification (SUMOylation) is an important posttranslational modification
Additional Information Supplementary information accompanies this paper at http://www.nature.com/srep Competing financial interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. How to cite this article: Kuang, P. et al. SAG/RBX2 E3 ligase complexes with UBCH10 and UBE2S E2s to ...
J. The structure of the Q69L mutant of GDP-Ran shows a major conformational change in the switch II loop that accounts for its failure to bind nuclear transport factor 2 (NTF2). J. Mol. Biol. 284, 1517–1527 (1998). 47. Conti, E., Mu¨ller, C. W. & Stewart, M. Karyopherin...
SAG/RBX2 and RBX1 are two family members of RING components of Cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), required for their enzymatic activity. Previous studies showed that SAG prefers to bind with CUL5, as well as CUL1, whereas RBX1 binds exclusively to CULs1–4. Det