The study of type systems has emerged as one of the most active areas of research in programming languages, with applications in software engineering, language design, high-performance compiler implementation, and security. This chapter discusses the motivations and history of type systems and their ...
// package.json{"name":"my-package","type":"module","exports":{".":{// Entry-point for `import "my-package"` in ESM"import":"./esm/index.js",// Entry-point for `require("my-package") in CJS"require":"./commonjs/index.cjs",// Entry-point for TypeScript resolution"types":...
This syntax ensures that a large class of unsafe code is caught by the compiler, before it gets anywhere near runtime. This is, of course, the whole point of static type systems—to use compile-time knowledge to help eliminate runtime problems wherever possible. The resulting types, which ...
Static typing goes a long way to avoid the bugs of weakly typed languages byadding more constraints in the compiler, but it can’t check anything when the program is running because a C++ or Objective-C program is just like C code when it runs. Both languages also leave the option of m...
Units are all System International (SI) units as the FSharp.Data.UnitSystems.SI.UnitNames Module (F#) module defines. Units are all simple (for example, meter) rather than compound (for example, meter/second). All columns contain floating point data.A...
This is very handy for strongly typed constants that happen to be floating point (e.g., a set of canonical conversion factors for different measuring systems). It's in the ECMA standard. The underlying type needs to be different than Int32 for easier interoperability with unmanaged code expect...
at compile-time, yet their type systems guarantee type safety How should a designer choose a type system when designing a new PL? Two conflicting design specifications The size of the set of legal programs The efficiency of the type checking procedure in the compiler ...
Memory usage is particularly challenging for XNU because the kernel must scale from a small, power-efficient system like Apple Watch to a performance-focused Mac Studio with 128 GB of RAM. Most smaller systems can’t tolerate any significant increase in memory usage without risking a user-experie...
This work was eventually extended to include the programming of microcontrollers (MCUs), small computers typically used in refrigerators, electric toothbrushes, car control systems, and countless other everyday objects. Unfortunately, MCUs are usually programmed in C, C++, or straight in assembly, ...
As an aside to people interested in it, there are in fact languages where things like "x is an even integer" or "x is a string that is a legal VBScript program" are types. This is a consequence of the Curry-Howard correspondence (which actually says that proof systems and prog...