Astrocytes release a variety of signaling molecules including glutamate,D-serine and ATP in a regulated manner.Although the functions of these molecules,from regulating synaptic transmission to controlling specific behavior,are well documented,the identity of their cellular compartment is still unclear.Here...
Central to our understanding of the MAM structure are the proteins required for its formation. The discovery of these proteinaceous tethers was initially based on the observation that proteinases detach the ER from mitochondria in both mammalian and yeast model systems [9,17]. As we will describe ...
Here we describe a new fluorophore (Yale-595) and a bio-orthogonal labeling strategy that enables two-color super-resolution (STED) and 3D confocal imaging of two organelles simultaneously for extended times using high-density environmentally sensitive (HIDE) probes. Because HIDE probes are small, ...
The cells also contain other structures or organelles having specific physiological or biochemical functions, such as mitochondria(线粒体) and enzymes associated with these organelles which, but, are found in the protoplasm(原生质) and plasma membrane of prokaryotes. In contrast, prokaryotes lack a we...
This amount is under the control of Ca2+ within the ER, and, hence, the activity of SERCA, as well as on the level of ER-mitochondria Ca2+ exchange that depends on the proximity of the two organelles. ER chaperones such as calreticulin [179], calnexin [180] and ERp57 [181] inhibit ...
What are the two types of circulatory systems?Circulatory System:The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and other organelles to circulate blood containing all the nutrients, gases, and enzymes. The heart is an involuntary muscle, it can continue to beat even if it is...
Spatial heterogeneities in the distribution of organelles within cells1, of cells within tissues2, of individuals and social groups within populations3, and of populations within communities4 are ubiquitous in nature and are believed to play a fundamental role in the functioning of biological systems....
In which organelle in the cell does the process of respiration take place? Identify the two types of respiration.Organelle:The word organelle means "little organ". Our cells contain many organelles within them. These organelles carry out various functions t...
Consider the analogy of the origins of organelles via endosymbiosis in eukaryote evolution. It vividly demonstrates that the notion of a generalized tree of life is not the most productive position to hold. It highlights an important manifestation of the discrepancy that arises between hierarchical cla...
It thus seems possible that all eukaryotes may eventually be shown to contain an organelle of mitochondrial ancestry, to which different types of biochemistry can be targeted. It remains to be seen if, despite their obvious differences, this family of organelles shares a common function of ...