1) Compute independent t-test - Method 1: The data are saved in two different numeric vectors. # Compute t-test res <- t.test(women_weight, men_weight, var.equal = TRUE) res Two Sample t-test data: women_weight and men_weight t = -2.7842, df = 16, p-value = 0.01327 alternativ...
## ## Welch Two Sample t-test ## ## data: women_weight and men_weight ## t = -20, df = 30, p-value <2e-16 ## alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0 ## 95 percent confidence interval: ## -24.5 -20.1 ## sample estimates: ## ...
A significantly deviating intercept value from the null (p < 0.05) suggested the presence of horizontal pleiotropy19, 20. Additionally, the presence of heterogeneous SNPs was examined using the MR-PRESSO global test. For further interpretation, a leave-one-out (LOO) analysis was performed to...
An absence of pleiotropy was indicated by a p-value greater than 0.05. The MR-PRESSO method was used to identify SNP outliers and ensure consistent results with the IVW method after removing these outliers23. Associations were considered statistically significant if the P-values in the IVW and...
The pupil size (a), the sum value of the RCRP within 4.80 mm diameter (Sum4.8) (b) and the percentage of defocus zone within the pupil area (c) in the 5.0 mm-BOZD OK and the 6.2 mm-BOZD OK groups. The boxplots in (c) extend from the lower to upper quartile values of the...
Stem cells are defined as slowly-dividing cells in multicellular organisms with the potential to either self-renew to produce more stem cells or to differentiate into specialized cell types. In the testis, spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are the male germline stem cells, being the only stem ...
and G.N.R. provided input into analyses, interpretation of data and assisted with manuscript preparation. Corresponding author Correspondence to Georgia K. Dwyer. Ethics declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.
This selection criterion corresponds to 5×10−8 on the p-value scale. When ρgx=ρgy=0.15, there are 2557 (zgx,zgy) selected on which the statistic TSteiger is computed. The sample mean of selected {zgx} is 0.1903508 while the sample mean of selected {zgy} (=0.1512602) is lower, ...
(Stylops: W = 0.85401, p-value = 0.06483;Xenos: W = 0.85798, p-value = 0.07224). To show whether a particular male contributed more to the offspring of a female than another male, we used a chi-squared goodness of fit test. The influence of the copulation duration ...
this is referred to as aone-tailed test. A formulation of this hypothesis would be, for example, that "the returns on an investment fund would beat leastx%." One-tailed tests could also be set up to show that the sample mean could be only less than the population...