These associations are often assumed to reflect the causal effects of smoking on DNA methylation (DNAm), which may underpin some of the adverse health sequelae of smoking. However, prior causal analyses with Mendelian Randomisation (MR) have found limited support for such effects. Here, we apply...
In addition to casewise concordance, for sensitivity analysis, we also used the correlations [40,41] and odds ratio (OR) methods [42] to compare similarity between MZ and DZ twins, unadjusted and adjusted for covariates, using the likelihood ratio test. The twin OR is the ratio of the od...