Organic ions infiltrated into the tungsten oxide layer and formed an interfacial dipole, increasing the layer's work function by 0.4eV. As a result, a PLED, which had a hole-injection layer of the tungsten oxide and organic ionic solution, showed a performance equivalent to that of the PEDOT...
The new gap states are proposed to act as a reservoir of donor electrons for enhanced injection and transport to the polymer LUMO and decrease the effective cathode workfunction. Moreover, when a thin tungsten oxide film in its fully oxidized state (WO3) is inserted at the ITO anode/polymer...
Only when tungsten is above 1000 ℃ does oxide volatilization and liquid-phase oxide appear. However, it also has the disadvantages of high plastic-brittle transition temperature and difficulty in plastic processing at room temperature. Refractory metals represented by tungsten are widely used in ...
(mass fraction), the electronic work function of 4.54 eV, when adding trace rare earth elements with smaller work function in tungsten, such as thorium (Th), cerium (Ce), zirconium (Zr), etc., or their oxides, such as thorium oxide (ThO2), cerium oxide (CeO2), etc., can ...
0.8-2.2% lanthanum oxideA low electron work function, strong arcing ability, long service lifeBlack, Blue, Golden Tungten thorium (WTh) 0.8-3.2% thorium oxideGood thermal stability, radioactive Yellow, Red, Violet Which should you choose, pure tungsten or alloy?
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Tungsten oxide/fullerene‑based nanocomposites as electrocatalysts and parasitic reactions inhibitors for V O2+/VO2+ in mixed‑acids Farah A. El Diwany1,2, Taher Al Najjar1, Nageh K. Allam2* & Ehab N. El Sawy1*...
This is relevant to TIG welding since the lower the work function of an electrode, the lower the voltage necessary to strike an arc. The work function of tungsten is 4.35 ev. Therefore, the addition of a stable metal oxide with a work function lower than pure tungsten, lowers the work fu...
CeriumTungstenElectrodesis a very ingredients in mass fraction was 1.8% -2.2% of cerium oxide and impurities ≤ 0.1% of the electrode. The advantage is cerium tungsten X-ray dose and antioxidant properties greater than the improvement of thorium tungsten; electronic work function than thorium tungst...
has the lowest work function, the work also performed well even under overload voltage. Performance thorium tungsten electrode in many ways superior to pure tungsten electrodes. Thorium oxide provide higher current carrying capacity than pure tungsten about 20 percent, generally longer life, but also...
Tungsten is used for reasons which include its low resistance as well as its work function match to the underlying high-k dielectric layer. A hard mask layer 212 is then formed on tungsten layer 210. The hard mask can be silicon oxide or silicon nitride formed by chemical vapor deposition....