Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is a majorpublic healthproblem, as it causes more deaths than any other pathogen(Anonymous, 2018). It is also the leading cause of death among people infected with human immunodefici
Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) is a rare form of MDR TB. XDR TB is characterized by resistance to not only isoniazid and rifampin but also a group of bactericidal drugs known as fluoroquinolones and at least one aminoglycoside antibiotic, such as kanamycin, amikacin, or capreo...
Tuberculosis skin testing.This is also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test. A technician injects a small amount of fluid into the skin of your lower arm. After 2-3 days, they’ll check for swelling in your arm. You might get this test more than once. Tuberculosis blood testing.The...
如显示盆腔、腹腔内多发淋巴结钙化,则更有助于提示该病的诊断。X-ray plain film for early value of bladder tuberculosis is limited, late bladder volume decreases, and density is higher, sometimes visible line bladder wall calcification,...
We also did not explicitly model HIV, whose prevalence is often unequal by sex. Such differences only appear in our model as averaged effects on progression in each sex. Indeed, the higher prevalence of HIV among women in many sub-Saharan African countries may reduce the sex disparities observe...
The only currently effective vaccine for tuberculosis is a live attenuated strain of M. bovis known as Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG);1however, despite being one of the most widely used vaccines in the world the molecular basis for the attenuation of M. bovisBCG remains unclear. Recently, geno...
The Xizang Autonomous Region (Xizang), also known as the Tibet Autonomous Region, China is located on the Tibetan plateau and is a region characterized by its remoteness, high altitude, and low population density. The health system in Xizang has made significant gains in population health in ...
Many people who have TB don’t have any symptoms. They have what doctors call latent TB. The TB skin test, also known as the Mantoux tuberculin skin test, is the most common way doctors diagnose tuberculosis. They’ll inject a tiny amount of fluid called tuberculin just below the skin in...
INH can also be used alone11. However, INH is also widely known for its hepatotoxicity and even liver failure risk12,13. Several enzymes are involved in INH metabolism and INH metabolites, primarily acetyl-hydrazine (AcHz), hydrazine (Hz), and acetyl-isoniazid (AcINH), are thought to be ...
HIV has, however, proved itself unlike hepatitis B virus鈥攊t has continued to resist attempts to develop a vaccine against it, but is much more susceptible to antiviral treatment.With the drug treatment of HIV now offering such promise, a better analogy lies in the conquest of tuberculosis ...