Translation is reading ___ (DNA/RNA) and using that information to make a protein. Gene Expression: Gene expression is the process by which genetic information from the DNA is translated into protein molecules. These proteins can then provide several different functions within a ce...
Gene Expression II (Translation): How Is Information Transferred from RNA to Proteins?In the previous module, we learned how DNA codons are transcribed into RNA codons in a process known as transcription or RNA synthesis. In this module, we examine how mRNA transcripts from protein-coding genes...
Transcription Transcription occurs when an RNA polymerase enzyme rides along a specific region of a single strand of DNA and synthesizes (transcribes) an mRNA copy. Typically, the mRNA strand is modified by being snipped in several specific spots by a special enzyme and then rejoined into a sh...
the lactose operon demonstrates how activator proteins and repressor proteins work together so that lactose utilization genes are only expressed when lactose is the only sugar source for the bacteria. Prokaryotes have different sigma factors, an integral part of RNA polymerase, which specify the correct...
Alternative polyadenylation (or termination) sites can determine final protein structure if the longer precursor RNA contains an exon not found in the shorter precursor RNA. In a simple case, two proteins with different carboxyl termini are formed. But if alternative exon splice sites are made ...
less than 1% of the level of cap-binding dependent mRNA-to-protein translation in hypoxia, a prevalence that is likely too low for cell survival [94]. Hence, IRES-mediated mRNA-to-protein translation is not sufficient to account for all translated proteins in hypoxia and an alternate pathway...
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and is interpreted by its readers, such as YTH domain-containing proteins, to regulate mRNA fate. Here, we report the insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding proteins (IGF2BPs; including IGF2BP1...
Recent proteogenomic studies revealed extensive translation outside of annotated protein coding regions, such as non-coding RNAs and untranslated regions of mRNAs. This non-canonical translation is largely due to start codon plurality within the same RNA
- contain RNA only. - None of the above. The Cell: The basic unit of life is known as the cell. We can classify cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Prokaryotic cells are uncompartmentalized while eukaryotic cells are membrane bound. We can ...
When they are hyperphosphorylated, they cannot bind to eIF4E, which is then released to participate in the protein translation initiation (Fig. 3) (Gingras et al., 2001). The 4E-BP proteins and eIF4G have the same binding site to eIF4E. So there is a competition between these proteins. ...