There are three steps in the process of generating a protein from the information stored within DNA: transcription, RNA processing, and translation. DNA replication occurs in the nucleus because DNA is located i
These results imply that both HG/HL and APN affect the expression of Occludin from the transcription and translation levels. Our previous study has demonstrated a pivotal role for Occludin in the amelioration of vascular injuries associated with diabetes, specifically those mediated by APN [16]. To...
The genome of phage T4 consists of 160 kbp of double-stranded DNA and is highly compressed; for example, promoters and translation control sequences are nested within the coding regions of overlapping upstream genes. The presence of introns in bacteriophage genomes, which are under constant ...
Glioblastomas (GBMs) are highly aggressive, infiltrative, and heterogeneous brain tumors driven by complex genetic alterations. The basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors ASCL1 and OLIG2 are dynamically co-expressed in GBMs; however, their combinatorial roles in regulating the plasticity...
Fig. 1: Alleles ofBBX18and their transcriptional activation activities. aSchematic diagram ofBBX18alleles. There were two nucleotide changes in the coding region between SpBBX18 from wild tomato (S. pennelli) and SlBBX18 from cultivated tomato species (S. lycopersicum). The C328T change would...
9. RNAs undergoing such decay are most often 3′end processed and polyadenylated in the nucleus and therefore require cytoplasmic deadenylation as a necessary step in their turnover10,11. Cytoplasmic RNA control can also occur by its translation-independent 3′end uridylation and subsequent 3′...
diagram illustrating the structure of the HPV16 DNA segment integrated in intron 1 of theNCKAP1gene in Tumor 2, with the 9 bp, direct repeat sequence (5′-CAACACGGT-3′) immediately flanking both sides of the viral insertion in red.bGenetic diagram of the HPV16 segment in intron 2 of...
Transcription factors (TFs) such as ethylene-responsive factors (ERFs) are important for regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic stress. Notably, more than half of the rice ERF-X group members, including ethylene-responsive factor
Another way to find the start of transcription is by hybridizing the mRNA to the corresponding DNA and cutting away the single-stranded overhangs withS1 nuclease. The single-stranded DNA fragment is labeled on its 5′ end and then denatured and hybridized to the corresponding mRNA (Fig. 19.16)...
In this research, we reveal for the first time the effect of a single synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the individual animal level and explore how a synonymous codon influences the biological function of a gene through both transcription and translation processes in vivo. Taken ...