The term tragedy of the commons was coined by Garrett Hardin who hypothesized in1968 that, as the size of the human population increased, there would be mountingpressures on resources at the local and global levels, leading to overexploitation andruin. Partly the tragedy would occur because some...
TheTragedyoftheCommons GarrettHardin(1968) "TheTragedyoftheCommons,"GarrettHardin,Science,162(1968):1243- 1248. Attheendofathoughtfularticleonthefutureofnuclearwar,J.B.Wiesner andH.F.Yorkconcludedthat:"Bothsidesinthearmsraceare…confronted
Surprisingly, however, and despite their memoryless nature, MPE need not result in a “tragedy of the commons”, i.e., overexploitation of the resource relative to the first-best solutions. We show through an example that MPE could, in fact, lead to the reverse phenomenon of under...
the tragedy of the commons(公地悲剧) ARTICLE for the greatest number” be realized? The Tragedy of the Commons No—for two reasons, each sufficient by itself. The first is a theoretical one. It is not Garrett Hardin mathematically possible to maximize for two (or more) variables at the sa...
The Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons公地悲剧--哈丁, 1968Garrett Hardin (1968) "The Tragedy of the Commons," Garrett Hardin, Science, 162(1968):1243-1248.At the end of a thoughtful article on the future of nuclear war, J.B. Wiesner and H.F. York concluded that: "...
The 'Two Cultures' theme was taken up again 9 years later in another famous paper 'The Tragedy of the Commons' written by the biologist Garrett Hardin (Hardin, 1968). This time however the polarization was between social and natural scientists. This paper uses the case of land management in...
Hardin G (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–1248 Article Google Scholar Homans FR, Wilen JE (1997) A model of regulated open access resource use. J Environ Econ Manag 32(1):1–21 Jacoby HG (1993) Shadow wages and peasant family labour supply: an econometric applicatio...
The problem of sustaining a public resource that everybody is free to overuse—the ‘tragedy of the commons’1,2,3,4,5,6,7—emerges in many social dilemmas, such as our inability to sustain the global climate. Public goods experiments4, which are used to
Individuals have an incentive to not provide public goods because the benefits of providing them are spread among many people, whereas only the altruists bear the cost. Thus, the provision of public goods is very much like the classic “tragedy of the commons” situation introduced by Hardin (...
Yoon (2000) “Symmetric Tragedies: Commons and Anticommons”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 1–13. Article Google Scholar Cockburn, I. M. (2004) “The Changing Structure of the Pharmaceutical Industry: Drug Development under Today’s New Institutional Arrangements Could...