Openness level has a significant positive effect on economic growth (Edwards, Citation1998; Lloyd & Maclaren, Citation2002). In recent years, it has been applied to international tourism research and has had a positive impact on inbound tourism. Openness level variable uses foreign direct ...
He also called on China, the ASEAN and the GCC countries to jointly forge an example in openness, development cooperation and cross-civilization integration. The summit, themed "Synergising Economic Opportunities Towards Shared Prosperity", was hosted by Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur as part of its 2025...