using the below formula, we can calculate n 2 : \(\begin{array}{l}sin\theta =\frac{n_{2}}{n_{1}}\end{array} \) \(\begin{array}{l}sin\;80^{\circ}=\frac{n_{2}}{1.5}\end{array} \) \(\begin{array}{l}n_{2}=1.5\times sin80^{\circ}\end{array} \) \(\begin{...
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Step 2: Maximum Value Formula Enter the following formula in cellC17to find the maximum value: =SUBTOTAL(4,D5:D14) Here, the argument4corresponds to the maximum value. Step 3: Press Enter PressEnterto calculate the maximum value. Step 4: Minimum Value Formula Enter the following formula i...
Xu P, Liu J (2014) Variance components in errors-in-variables models: estimability, stability and bias analysis. J Geod 88:719–734 Article Google Scholar Xu P, Liu J, Shi C (2012) Total least squares adjustment in partial errors-in-variables models: algorithm and statistical analysis. ...
For each energy bin m, the variance of the noise in projection data ymi can be determined by the following exponential formula [21], [45]:(1)λmi2=exp(y¯mi)/Imi,where Imi is the incident photon number at energy bin m and projection ray i, and y¯mi and λmi2 are the mean ...
Combined with the above analysis, digital transformation requires a large amount of investment in human, material, and financial resources to gradually bring the advantages of digital transformation into play. At the same time, small-scale enterprises are limited by the lack of funds and resources,...
In our study, we conducted diagnostic tests to address cross-sectional dependence and assess variance inflation factor (VIF), thereby enhancing the robustness of our findings. The results of these tests are presented in Table 5. Specifically, the Breusch-Pagan LM, Pesaran scaled LM, and Pesaran ...
(contact path and position of the contact path and vaverage). In an additional analysis of variance (ANOVA), the resultant regression models were analyzed. The analyses revealed that the individual friction-induced temperature increase Tmaxwas determined by a combination of only two independent key ...
2a). The first two PCA axes together accounted for 46.6% (Dim 1 — 32.5%, and Dim 2 — 14.1%) of the total variance within the data set (Fig. 2a). The elements K, Ca, Ti, Fe and Sr were predominantly associated with Dim 1 while Dim 2 was dominated by elements Al, Ni and ...
d shape where the curved surface area equals to the total surface area of the figure. the curved surface area is the area in which only the area of the curved part is covered. the formula does not take into account the circular base. the total surface area, on the other hand, is a ...