Identifying pain genes: bottom-up and top- down approaches. J Pain 1: 66 - 80, 2000.Mogil JS, McCarson KE. Identifying pain genes: bottom-up and top-down approaches. J Pain 2000;1:66-80.Mogil JS, McCarson KE. Identifying pain genes: bottom-up and top-down approaches. J Pain 2000...
This article presents examples of action research as a "bottom-up" approach that involves and empowers supervisees. "Top-down" approaches are usually model specific and stem from the practice, theory, and philosophy of supervision espoused by a supervisor relative to the context in which the ...
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN received: 26 August 2015 accepted: 01 February 2016 Published: 29 February 2016 A comprehensive estimate of recent carbon sinks in China using both top-down and bottom-up approaches Fei Jiang1, Jing M. Chen1,2, Lingxi Zhou3, Weimin Ju1, Hui...
串。2害。 ‘‘Top-down,,and‘‘Bottom-up,,approaCneSt0teachlng¨Stenina,■■'一'一, whenandwhichapproachmaybemoreuseful? 张颖 (南昌大学前湖校区外国语学院英语系,江西南昌330031)Abstract:Thispapermainlydealswithtwomainstreamsinteachinglisteningcomprehension:bottom—upprocessingapproachandtop—downprocessingap...
Top-down and bottom-up approaches are methods used to analyze and choose securities, but the terms also appear in many other areas of finance and investing.
Understand the meaning of the top-down approach and bottom-up approach in management. Know the advantages of the two approaches to management and...
Deciding between top-down and bottom-up approaches: the hybrid method The top-down management approach, as seen above, is the classic management method that is applied in most organizations. Over the years, however, its flaws have begun to become clear, especially for organizations that seek a...
blending top-down and bottom-up approaches in conceptual:混合自上而下和自下而上的方法概念 热度: 拥有top-down attention能力的ViT Bottom-Up and Top-Down Visual Attention -Principles and Applications -史百丰 热度: 【精品】Top-down and Bottom-up Processes39 热度: 相关推荐 ( 产 品 设 ...
For many companies, a hybrid approach—combining the strategic alignment of top-down planning with the operational insights of bottom-up planning—provides the best balance. Integrating top-down and bottom-up approaches in EPM Incorporating both planning methodologies within anEPMframework allows organizat...
Top-down and bottom-up approaches to greenhouse gas inventory methods—a comparison between national- and forest-scale reporting methods 来自 掌桥科研 喜欢 0 阅读量: 56 作者:D Nicholls,F Barnes,F Acrea,C Chen,LY Buluç,MM Parker 摘要: Federal agencies are mandated to measure, manage, and ...