LL37, Bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI) etc. [[10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16]]. Innate immune cells express various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) including Toll-like receptors (TLRs,) responsible for the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular ...
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The LPS secreted by Gram-negative bacteria is the most potent ligand for TLR4. A number of other PAMPs, including SARS-CoV-2 viral protein, and DAMPs released during inflammation and injury are also sensed by TLR4. High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) release also induces TLR4 and PKC...