A more straightforward approach may involve the adoption of direct observation methods such as time sampling or event recording, which are regularly used to evaluate student behavior. This study explores the utility of using time sampling and event recording in comparison to the traditional post-...
Evidence supporting this observation comes from various circumstances, such as procrastination [3], health [4], and financial behaviors [5]. These examples uphold the assertion of inconsistency in intertemporal decisions. However, intertemporal trade-offs also feature prominently in social contexts where...
This example considers trending variables, spurious regression, and methods of accommodation in multiple linear regression models. It is the fourth in a series of examples on time series regression, following the presentation in previous examples....
Detection of periodically expressed genes from microarray data without use of known periodic and non-periodic training examples is an important problem, e.g. for identifying genes regulated by the cell-cycle in poorly characterised organisms. Commonly th
The discrete-time counterpart of the observation model in (4.107) is defined by (4.115)xi(n)=s(n−θi)+υi(n), where θi is an integer-valued random variable characterized by the PDF pθ(θ). The discrete-time case may be of special interest when studying the performance of differe...
The model forecast does show improvement relative to the baseline forecast. It is useful, however, to repeat the test with various values ofnumTest. This is complicated by the influential observation in 2001, three observations before the end of the data. ...
driver since such a confounder would induce dependencies that are not consistent with the observation that hereYt−1is conditionally independent ofWtgivenZt(or also thatZt−1is conditionally independent ofWtgivenZtandWt−1). This example demonstrates that even for very general cases, and without...
Manual observation of the images indicated that this relative stability arose from a combination of continued activity at night-time and roadside vehicle parking. Very few (< 5%) night-time images were found to contain animals (Fig. 6). COVID-19 analysis During the city-wide lockdown in ...
1). To reduce short-term annual anomalies and inter-annual cloud-free observation variability, the annual open water percent time-series was smoothed using a 3-year mean moving window. Next, the range and mean of the annual percent water time-series data were calculated per pixel. The range...
Long-term visual observation can not ensure the accuracy of detection, and missed detection and wrong judgment often occur. On the other hand, according to the communication between the staff of HuiFeng wood company and FengLin company, the speed of manual visual inspection was lower than that ...