Indications for surgery included hyperthyroidism refractory to medication, refusal or intolerance to antithyroid drugs, presence of suspicious or malignant thyroid nodules by fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy, presence of large volume goiters resulting in compressive symptoms, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, or ...
. Goiters usually are slow growing and may be associated with compressive and obstructive symptoms of dyspnea, stridor, hoarseness, and dilated neck veins. Goiters are treated with thyroxine, radioactive iodine, and surgery. A new nodule or sudden increase in growth is worrisome for malignancy. ...
One of the most common symptoms is a palpable neck lump. The nodule may cause complaints, such as dysphagia, pain, dyspnea or speech impediment, or it may be asymptomatic. In addition, diarrhea, flushing and chest pain are sometimes observed. Recurrent respiratory infections may be associated ...
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Postoperative hypocalcemia may present with no symptoms or with severe complications such as laryngospasm, tetany, cardiac arrhythmias, and death [4], and hypocalcemia may cause significant morbidity, including a delay in hospital discharge and the need for intravenous calcium supplementation [4,9,18]...