For the purpose of convenience, we shall now assume that by mentioning functions of the thyroid gland, we mean functions of the “thyroid hormones”. Calcitonin is concerned with calcium metabolism and since T4 and T3 have virtually the same effect on tissues, we will collectively refer to them...
For this purpose, first, a 3-D model of the healthy human neck is constructed based on patient-specific computed tomography (CT) images. This model is used for analyzing bio-heat transfer in the human neck. The healthy thyroid gland is considered as a heat source and generates heat ...
At this point in evolution, thyroid cells have acquired a protein-digesting enzyme that allows the release of T4, and in adult lampreys the gland has become endocrine. Interestingly, during the larval stage of this organism, which lasts up to 5 years and constitutes the better part of its ...
Thethyroidgland is comprised of two types of cells—follicular and parafollicular (“C”) cells. The follicular and Ccells are capable of producing thyroid hormones andcalcitonin, respectively. The secretory units of the thyroid gland are called follicles (Fig. 40.2A). Each follicle consists offo...
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) cells are capable of secreting various tumor markers including calcitonin and carcinoembyronic antigen (CEA). The purpose of this study is to determine whether abnormal CEA levels may be used as a tumor marker to predict the severity of disease in MTC. Methods A...
To this purpose, size changes were considered significant if the increase or decrease involved at least 2 nodule dimensions, each amounting to at least 2 mm and representing at least 20% of the baseline diameter.7 This approximates a nodule volume change of 50%, which is the minimal ...
3.1Definition and prevalence of thyroid nodules The term “thyroid nodule” refers to any lesion that is radiologically distinct from the normal parenchyma of thethyroidgland. This strict definition does not include palpable thyroid lesions that do not correspond to this radiological definition[6,9]....
Deep learning for gland and nodule segmentation For a fully autonomous robotic thyroid scan, real-time location information of thyroid lobes and nodules is crucial. Given the stable characteristics of healthy thyroid lobes and the diverse nature of nodules, we used two separate networks for the thyr...
Radioiodine uptake (RAIU) test and thyroid scintigraphy (TS) are widely used methods to evaluate morpho-functional aspects of the thyroid gland. Immunometric assays, multiparametric thyroid ultrasound (MPUS), and FNA contribute to thyroid evaluation in clinical practice. However, TS remains the only...
Purpose The thyroid gland is one of the most vital endocrine organs. It is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of hormones principally triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). These hormones play a significant role in the functions and the metabolism of the body. The thyroid gland could...