3. Internal level This level is also known as physical level. This level describes how the data is actually stored in the storage devices. This level is also responsible for allocating space to the data. This is
In 1975 the American national standards institute standards planning and requirement committee (ANSI-SPARC) proposed three-level architecture identified three levels of abstraction.These three levels are sometimes to schemas or views:1) The external or user level...
. The highest level of abstraction describes only part of the entire database. Even though the logical level uses simpler structures, complexity remains because of the variety of information stored in a large database. Many users of the database system do not need all this information; instead,...
Conceptual database design is the highest level of abstraction in the database design process. At this stage, designers focus on understanding the problem domain and defining the overall structure of the database without getting into technical implementation details. The primary goal is to cr...
Subsequently, we differentiate between an instance domain that is populated with the specific requirements, design principles, and the situated artifact on the ‘case’ abstraction level [58]. On the other hand, the abstract domain is populated with findings abstracted and accumulated from each case...