The p53 protein is a transcription factor that functions as a suppressor of tumor formation. The TP53 gene is the most commonly mutated gene in a wide variety of human cancers and the functions of the wild-type p53 protein are frequently compromised in many types of cancers.1 The mutations ...
Conventional therapy involves the use of molecules that are able to intervene in the regulation of the cell cycle, inhibit proliferation, and have a cytotoxic effect, which is the cause of the occurrence of unacceptable side effects [45]. Moreover, many types of malignant tumors are resistant ...
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular zinc proteases that are involved in the cleavage of protein components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), favoring tissue repair and remodeling, including vascular remodeling. The group of MMPs include many types of enzymes, based on the...
The resulting macromolecules are released and recycled in the cytosol for reuse. In the case of defective autophagy, there is increased apoptotic activity, leading to kidney cell proliferation and cyst formation in Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD), eventually leading to chronic ...
Lysosomes are integral during autophagy, as these cells are responsible for the degradation of macromolecules that can be reused within cells [145]. Thus, cells treated with CQ or HCQ cannot undergo lysosomal digestion [140,146]. Moreover, preventing the proper lysosome functioning, in turn, ...