Receptors that bind to molecular patterns found in pathogens but not mammalian cells. Examples include the mannose receptor, which binds to terminally mannosylated and polymannosylated compounds, and Toll-like receptors, which are activated by various microbial products, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides...
Therapeutic proteins are extensively used in the treatment of cancer, HIV, and other diseases.Monoclonal antibodies,IFNs, and cytokines are examples of some of the macromolecular therapeutic proteins. Proteins are not good substrates forCYPenzymes and are generallycleared by renal filtration or degraded...
Venoms are generally seen as a source of death; however, scientifically venom is a complex biochemical substance having a specific pharmacologic action which can also be used as agents to cure a variety of diseases in humans. Venom peptides along with nanoparticles can evolve as the new era for...
Autophagy has been identified as a key player in cancer therapeutic resistance. By enabling cells to survive and adapt under adverse conditions induced by therapeutic agents, autophagy serves as a double-edged sword, both promoting cell survival and potentially contributing to treatment resistance [13,...
Table 1 Clinical and preclinical activities of RNAi therapeutics: selected examples Full size table QPI-1007 is a caspase-2-targeted siRNA without formulation that was developed to treat acute primary angle closure glaucoma (phase 2) and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION, phase ...
Examples of hypoxia-activated prodrugs are provided in Table 2. For further reading on hypoxic prodrugs, we refer the reader to Phillips (2016). Download: Download high-res image (168KB) Download: Download full-size image Fig. 4. Activation mechanism of hypoxic prodrugs. The prodrug can be ...
it is essential to identify pathways or mechanisms that are essential for proliferation and/or pathogenicity of this bacterium and that can potentially become new therapeutic targets. We provide here some examples of recent discoveries, which might pave the way to the development of novel antimicrobia...
[97,119]. To overcome the poor vascularization, recent studies have been targeting the vascular stroma instead of directly targeting cancer cells using anti-angiogenic molecules which are present in many types of cancers. Examples include vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) in ...
(comprising VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, virally encoded VEGF-E and placental growth factor (PlGF)) interacts selectively with 3 cell surface receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, VEGFR3). Currently approved therapies are indicated in black font. Examples of emerging or experimental therapies are ...
266TIL therapy has resulted in clinical remissions in some patients who have exhausted all other treatment options. One of the examples was a patient named Melinda Bachini, who was diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma in 2009 and developed whole-body metastasis despite surgery and chemotherapy. This ...