Early 20th-century biologists came to a similar conclusion, though they qualified it in terms of probability, stating that there is no reason why evolution cannot run backwards—it is just very unlikely. And so the idea of irreversibility in evolution stuck and came to be known as “Dollo's...
Though some people suggest that there is differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person ...
Probability theory, however, tells us that such differences in syntactic expectation should also produce differences in lexical expectation, even if these latter differences are too small to measure via the cloze task. We can quantify the predictability of a word w in context C as its conditional...
If this trial were testing for superiority, the test would, with high probability, correctly find no difference between the groups. As a non-inferiority trial, however, such a flawed trial would be very likely to incorrectly demonstrate non-inferiority. This trial as described is an extreme ...
③Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s co-occurrence or collocation. ④For example, “black” in black hair & black coffee, or black sheep differs in meaning; “The president of the United States” can mean either the president or presidency in different situation. 4) Behaviorism...
We formulate the model mathematically in the following. Given a sequence of target word w1,w2,…,wT and its contextual word h1,h2,…,hT, the training objective is to maximize the conditional log probability of observing the actual output contextual word given the input target word, i.e.,(...
In the first place, it must by no means be supposed, because damage, or probability of damage, to the interests of others, can alone justify the interference of society, that therefore it always does justify such interference. In many cases, an individual, in pursuing a legitimate object, ...
criticism can have anything to contribute, except perhaps peripherally, to their research. Still less are they receptive to the idea that the very foundations of their worldview must be revised or rebuilt in the light of such criticism. Rather, they cling to the dogma imposed by the long ...
The term hippie may come from the word hip, which means “turned-in”or aware. Hippies wanted a world based on love of humanity and peace. Many believed that wonderful, magical changes were about to take place. They thought these changes would happen as soon as people learned to express ...
Depending on the chosen level of analysis, symbol types are taken to be either (Unicode) characters or word types. Correspondingly, a symbol token is any reoccurrence of a symbol type47. We can then count how often each symbol appears in κ and call the resulting frequency \({f}_{j}\)...