There are two main reasons due to which hospitality sector employees may have a greater probability of developing a feeling of psychological entitlement. First, the existing research demonstrated that hospitality sector employees engage in organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) frequently in order to ...
Probability theory, however, tells us that such differences in syntactic expectation should also produce differences in lexical expectation, even if these latter differences are too small to measure via the cloze task. We can quantify the predictability of a word w in context C as its conditional...
Do we want it so that each bit pattern has equal probability of being generated, or do we want it such that if we were to generate many random doubles they would be evenly spread over the given interval? Given the nature of the real number implementation in the .NET Framework, those ...
Depending on the chosen level of analysis, symbol types are taken to be either (Unicode) characters or word types. Correspondingly, a symbol token is any reoccurrence of a symbol type47. We can then count how often each symbol appears in κ and call the resulting frequency \({f}_{j}\)...
If this trial were testing for superiority, the test would, with high probability, correctly find no difference between the groups. As a non-inferiority trial, however, such a flawed trial would be very likely to incorrectly demonstrate non-inferiority. This trial as described is an extreme ...
MERGE can be framed as a probability tensor implementing coarse-graining, akin to a probabilistic context-free grammar (Gallego & Orús,2022). The model proposed in Gallego and Orús (2022, p. 20) assumes that language is “the cheapest non-trivial computational system”, exhibiting a high ...
Though some people suggest that there is differentiation in the actual language use, in other words, men and women may say different things, yet in principle there is no sound, or word or sentence that a man can utter and a woman cannot, or vice versa. On the other hand, a person ...
in the species with evolutionary taxonomies. InF. vescaandC. equisetifolia, the ACCs of our model are 0.852 and 0.858, respectively; while in the other, their ACCs are 0.743 and 0.723. Next, we further analyzed the methylation sequential patterns of the four species using the probability-based...
We manipulated perceived risk through the notification regarding the potential policy measures enforced for ICEVs in the instruction and choice sets. The message included the information that there is a 50% probability that emission-based vehicles (with combustion engines) will be banned from German ...
We formulate the model mathematically in the following. Given a sequence of target word w1,w2,…,wT and its contextual word h1,h2,…,hT, the training objective is to maximize the conditional log probability of observing the actual output contextual word given the input target word, i.e.,(...