The never-ending debate on the optimal money elasticity and predictability, coupled with the recent wishes of the major central banks to normalize monetary policy, motivate this analysis. Its aim is to offer a review of the evolution of the modern concep
J. R. Hicks, who introduced the concept of intertemporal equilibrium to English-speaking economists in Value and Capital, was an admirer of Carl Menger, one of the three original Marginal Revolutionaries, crediting Menger in particular for having created an economic theory in time (see his “Tim...
The paper addresses the validation of opinion measurement by survey, specifically how the “readings” or views are consolidated for policy use into a single figure held to be representative of the population as a whole. While the sample mean might seem the obvious choice, a number of influentia...
This was the first time that a Chinese accounting standard officially introduced the concept of a “retrospective restatement,” marking the establishment of a formal system for governing financial restatement. Current research on the effects of US equity incentive measures is typically based on the ...
customers. Therefore, the balance between the quasi public welfare and profitability, and the protection of financial consumer rights have become challenges in the development of inclusive financial products and services. At the same time, difficulties may also be caused by weak internal control ...
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Since type affinity is dictated by the column definition at create time, and not by the single values contained, this implies that: A. Type affinity of amount will always be REAL, even when the value contained in a row is 'xyz'. B. Anything that is not a column has never ...
Like conservatism, competence enhances the CB's ability to successfully explain her intentions to the private sector (P), and works against the effects of time inconsistency. Unlike con- servatism, competence directly improves the stabilization power of discretionary monetary policy. We illustrate ...
However, network analysis at the goal, or target, level refer to the broader global context (Le Blanc, 2015), pointing out either an inconsistency between the interconnectedness of the goal and the indicators, and/or the fact that the centrality of SDG 8 at the global scale does not ...
The inconsistency of these results may be because work zone impacts can vary substantially by time and location, but could also be attributed to issues in both methodology and data that do not necessarily address causal relations. In the following sections, we discuss three major research gaps: ...