et al. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies compromising the three embryonic germ layers. Mol. Med. 6, 88–95 (2000). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Bain, G., Kitchens, D., Yao, M., Huettner, J. E. & Gottlieb, D. I. Embryonic stem...
The space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, which are two of the layers of the meninges. This space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Rights and permissions Reprints and permissions About this article Cite this article Salvador, A.F., de Lima, K.A. & Kipnis, J. Neuromodulat...
Activation of meningeal macrophages The meninges serve as a protective barrier surrounding the CNS. Within the complex layers constituting the meninges, the dura mater is notable for its abundance of tissue macrophages. These macrophages, akin to microglia, originate from yolk sac precursors and maintai...
Since the function of the facial nerve is so complex, many symptoms may occur if it is disrupted. Bell palsy may result in twitching, weakness or paralysis of the face; in dryness of the eye or the mouth; and/or in disturbance of taste or hearing. There is: ...
The meninges surround the brain and spinal cord, affording physical protection while also serving as a niche of neuroimmune activity. Though possessing stromal qualities, its complex cellular and extracellular makeup has yet to be elaborated, and it rema
These groups of axons, or pathways, run longitudinally either up and down to and from the brain or between upper and lower levels of the spinal cord. Surrounding the spinal cord are three layers of protective meninges—pia mater, arachnoid mater, and dura mater. The dural layer is the ...
These barriers play a crucial role in regulating the transportation of cells and molecules (Fig. 2). The meninges are anatomically divided into three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater (Fig. 2a) [6, 7]. The dura mater contains lymphatics and fenestrated blood vessels without...
A headache is felt because of sensory impulses coming chiefly from the meninges or scalp. Anatomically the brain has three major parts, the hindbrain (including the cerebellum and the brain stem), the midbrain, and the forebrain (including the diencephalon and the cerebrum). Every brain area ...
A. The layers of the scalp compared to an onion (1489). The earliest drawings by da Vinci on the ventricles of the brain show them to be connected to the eye and moving backwards, into the brain. In this drawing he also likens the meninges of the brain to the layers of an onion (...
Three layers of protective covering called meninges surround the brain and the spinal cord. The outermost layer, the dura mater, is thick and tough. It includes two layers: The periosteal layer of the dura mater lines the inner dome of the skull (cranium) and the meningeal layer is below ...