In the canopy layer, under the assumption that the pressure gradient force is negligible, the analytical solution could take at least two forms: exponential and hyperbolic [3]. Here we consider the simplest versions of these relations as follows 𝑢 exp(𝑧)=𝑢 (ℎ)exp[𝛼1(𝑧/ℎ...
is valid, one can recover a formulation of the quantum corrections of density gradient type. The density gradient version is more familiar because the quantum corrections take a form similar to the Bohm potential arising in the Madelung model of quantum fluids in the zero temperature limit. More...
Vertical advection is the product of the upwelling velocity due to Ekman suction (upwelling) and the DFe concentration below the base of the SML. The vertical diffusive supply is the product of the vertical eddy diffusivity and the slope of the DFe depth gradient between the lowest DFe concentra...
against the motion; the term associated with buoyancy and the fluid-related hydraulic pressure gradient; the force due to the spatial variation of the basal surface; viscous drag and the erosion-induced momentum production, respectively. Equation (3) makes a direct connection between the erosion pro...
where k is turbulent kinetic energy, m2/s2;ε is the dissipation rate; Gk is the generic term of rough kinetic energy k caused by average velocity gradient; Gb is the generic term of rough kinetic energy k caused by buoyancy; γM represents the contribution of pulsating expansion incompressibl...
{max}}} } \right)\)), the ambient air pushed outwards by the vortex expansion is subjected to an unsteady adverse pressure gradient. Hence, strong viscous effects arise in the near-surface region and provoke the retardation of the flow at the lower levels. At the same time the flow accel...
The general flow pattern can be described as follows: guided by the pressure gradient within the channel, the liquid enters the porous medium on the left side (throat # 1), traverses it mainly parallel to the channel, and re-enters the latter on the right side of the structure (throat ...
D. Levine, 2001: A correction to the baroclinic pressure gradient term in the Princeton Ocean Model. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 18, 1068-1075.Robertson, R., L. Padman, and M. D. Levine, A correction to the baroclinic pressure gradient term in the Princeton Ocean Model, J. Atmos. ...
Unlike the grain centroid method [87], semi-resolved methods consider the void fraction of grains as a gradient field that can be described by a kernel function [65]. In such an averaging scheme, the numerical error resulting from the abrupt variation of the void fraction can be properly ...
The source term of pressure can be represented by (7) where Pj and Pi is the pressure of the ith and jth fluid particles, respectively. Substitute the pressure of particles into the gradient model. The pressure gradient model can be obtained (8) where is the minimum pressure within the...