Light, as an electromagnetic wave, has two essential components: amplitude and phase1. Optical detectors, usually relying on photon-to-electron conversion (such as charge-coupled device sensors and the human eye), measure the intensity that is proportional to the square of the amplitude of the l...
However, it has been theoretically proposed that the photon anticorrelations can be thought of as arising from quantum interference between two possible two-photon scattering amplitudes, which one refers to as coherent and incoherent. This picture is in stark contrast to the aforementioned one, in ...
Monte Carlo (the term was coined in the Los Alamos National Laboratory, in the late 1940s) methodology is a stochastic method, which has been developed for the solution of problems that were not able to be solved otherwise. In other words, this method attempts to solve deterministic problems...
This assumption is based on the fact that the induction of the active form of PhyB by short-term (10 min – 1 h) RL increased the gene expression level of some key antioxidant enzymes [11], while immediate responses of plants to RL treatment show that Pfr is somehow directly ...
The first term maps directly to {\tilde{\epsilon }}_R. The second induces, after electroweak symmetry breaking, the non-standard W boson interactions right-handed leptons: \begin{aligned} {{{\mathcal {L}}}_{\nu {\textrm{SMEFT}}} \supset - {g v^2 \over 2 \sqrt{2} } C_{\phi...
In general terms, “action spectroscopy” refers to a measurement where absorption of light is inferred via monitoring some absorption-induced change in the sample. In our case, the action to be monitored is infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD). This action is ideal because it is ...
Biotechnology was originally a term for agriculture that was introduced by agricultural engineer Karl Ereky in 1919 [1]. Biotechnology describes a biological transformation process to make raw materials into something more useful, where the biological transformation can be used to create a new product...
The photon flux density (PFD) during growth was approximately 600 μmol m-2 s-1. The fully expanded leaves of 4-week-old plants were used in the experiments. Intact chloroplasts were isolated according to the protocol of Bartoli et al. [26]. Leaves were ground in a buffer containing 50...
such as wearing a mask, washing face, or taking a shower immediately after pesticide-spraying work—which means that all of 53 ICC patients had a history of long-term and relatively high doses of inhaling of the pesticides—which could have caused them to have suffered a severe chronic pesti...
As such, the term “energy band” refers to the range of energies around the nominal momentum of particles that can be transported through the beamline for each given beamline tune setting. In most existing proton gantries, this gap is small and limited to just a few percent of the nominal...