1.The act or process of initiating biological reproduction by insemination or pollination. 2.The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote. 3.The act or process of applying a fertilizer. fer′til·i·za′tion·aladj. American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fifth Edi...
However, 17β-estradiol (estradiol or E2) is the most prevalent in activity of E1, E2 and E3 in human and mammals; another type of estrogen, called estetrol (E4), produced during female pregnancy, was evidently not included [[23], [24], [25]]. Thus, E2 abbreviation used is for ...
Sexual reproduction is the ubiquitous feature of eukaryotes and includes the meiotic formation of reduced gametes, fertilization, and development of new organisms1,2. While the underlying cellular and molecular machinery is primarily conserved1, interspecific hybridization may disrupt the usual reproductive ...
Although cattle are the mammalian species with most global biomass associated with a huge impact on our planet, their immune system remains poorly understood. Notably, the bovine immune system has peculiarities such as an overrepresentation of γδ T cel
except for our haploid sex cells, or "gametes." Males' gametes are sperm and females' are eggs, each containing only twenty-three chromosomes. So biologists say that "a zygote is only a gamete's way of making more gametes." Clever, eh? But it does point out just how hard it is,...
Breeding and domestication have generated widely exploited crops, animals and microbes. However, many Saccharomyces cerevisiae industrial strains have complex polyploid genomes and are sterile, preventing genetic improvement strategies based on breeding.
The northern white rhinoceros (NWR) is probably the earth’s most endangered mammal. To rescue the functionally extinct species, we aim to employ induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to generate gametes and subsequently embryos in vitro. To elucidate the regulation of pluripotency and differentiati...
and assembles eight axonemes that lead to the formation of eight flagellated microgametes in a process called exflagellation. Following activation of translationally repressed mRNAs, macrogametes are available for the fertilisation to colonise the mosquito midgut7. Within 16 hours of fertilisation,...
Benthic annelids belonging to the family Syllidae (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocida) exhibit a unique reproduction mode called “schizogamy” or “stolonization”, in which the posterior body part filled with gametes detaches from the original body, as a
It should be noted that in the process of gamete donation both women and men can be coerced or exploited. For instance, if male gametes were used against the donor’s will, his rights would be violated in the same way as the autonomy of a woman is disrespected when she is deprived of...