The primary resident immune cells in the central nervous system, responsible for pathogen surveillance, immune protection and synaptic pruning. Microglia have been implicated in psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, largely in animal models. Astrocytes A subtype of glial cells in the central nervous...
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, Mel) is the main hormone secreted by the pineal gland. Mel is an indoleamine with antioxidant, chronobiotic, and anti-inflammatory properties [23]. Mel can reduce organ inflammation and reshape intestinal microflora in animals and humans [24,25]. In addit...
In addition, the persistent fatigue experienced by individuals with sleep apnea makes them more susceptible to stressors. The inability to achieve a restful sleep can increase the levels of cortisol, also known as the ‘stress hormone.’ This hormonal imbalance exacerbates existing anxiety and depress...
A process called “C” (for circadian), controlled by the endogenous biological clock and independent of the previous history of sleep and wakefulness. Process “C” includes the tendency of sleep to begin in the phase of falling body temperature (first part of the night) and ending sleep dur...
A single cardiac cycle consists of two primary phases- diastole and systole. The term “diastole” denotes relaxation, and the term “systole” refers to contraction [3]. 6.1 Diastole During the diastolic phase, blood flows into the right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava, whic...
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in a big way because the hormones are not produced at the proper levels. You end up feeling tired both physically and mentally even after performing simple tasks. You may feel fatigued after a long rest or sleep. Adrenal fatigue can cause obesity due to the high levels of cortisol hormone....
growth hormone IL-1β orexin prolactin TNF FURTHER INFORMATION National Sleep Foundation Sleep Research Society European Sleep Research Society American Academy of Sleep Medicine Glossary ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAM Graphical representation of the electrical activity of the brain, recorded by attaching electrodes to th...
They develop fever, sleep poorly, eat less, experience difficulty with memory and learning, withdraw socially and complain of pain and fatigue. Glial and macrophage-like cells in the brain respond to peripheral infection by synthesizing the same pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as ...