Renderers, shaders, and compositors like to operate with linear data. Theysumthe contributions of multiple light sources and multiply light values by reflectances (such as a constant value or a lookup from a texture that represents diffuse reflectivity). But there are hidden assumptions—such as...
At the global level, the composition of plastics within the CRD waste stream is unknown [17]. Data from Canada and Europe show that plastics comprise only a tiny fraction of CRD wastes by volume. However, the lightweight properties of plastics in CRD waste may lead to an underestimation of ...
The amount of light that is refracted into the surface is referred to as 1–F0. The F0 range for most common dielectrics will be from 0.02-0.05 (linear values). For conductors, the F0 range will be 0.5-1.0. The reflectivity of a surface is therefore determined by the refractive index ...
Scientists have built on his work and developed various instruments that determine levels of reflectivity, including definitions of non-reflection (Lundgren & Poell, 2016). We employ the four-level reflection continuum of Peltier et al. (2005) to conceptualize reflectivity and its depth. This model...
This review examines human AO retinal imaging with a concentration on the use of the Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). It first covers the background and the overall approaches to human AO retinal imaging, and the technology involved, and then concentrates on using AO retinal...
In Fig. 1b and c results of the razor-blade test (i.e., imaging of a metal-dielectric test object with abrupt changes in reflectivity) are shown. They reveal the normalized resolution of our microscope as high as ≃0.15λ33, which depends (to some extent) on the optical properties ...
Note 7– this calculation is under the assumption of “all other things being equal”. Of course, in the real climate system, all other things are not equal. However, to understand an effect “pre-feedback” we need to separate it from the responses to the system. ...
The interaction between the object and the laser beam influences the ranging uncertainty beyond reflectivity, as the effect of beam divergence and the change in amplitude both increase with increasing local incidence angle and range (Zámecníková et al., 2014, Hartzell et al., 2015). This objec...
Solar geoengineering options—SRM—reduce the amount of absorbed solar energy in the climate system. They involve an array of methods such as SAI, marine cloud brightening, and changing the albedo (reflectivity) of land, e.g. using cover crops or white roofs. Unlike GGR, SRM does not addres...
of the second beam from units of area within the said irradiated area of the object and wherein the signal processor is adapted to correlate components of the first output signal with the components of the second output signal whereby information about the reflectivity of units of area of the ...