The endocrine organs are those that secrete hormones. There are several different endocrine organs in the body, with the main...
the digestive system also represents the largest endocrine organ, with the capacity to secrete more than 20 active hormones that influence metabolic function3. More specifically, incretins are gut-produced hormones with major functions in nutrition and metabolism3. GIP and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GL...
Many side effects of glucocorticoids are presented in major endocrine organs, causing kidney dysfunction [80] and further affecting the skin and cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems [81]. Up to 90% of patients who use glucocorticoids for more than 60 days may experience water-sodium retention...
Melatonin is the major neuroendocrine regulator, which translates the photoperiod changes to complicate the endocrine responses58,59that in turn may affect the mammalian skin physiology. In the current work, the numbers of Merkel and dendritic cells were increased significantly in the melatonin treated ...
Lipidomics plays a major role in glucose homeostasis and the development of T2DM. It has been shown that the gut microbiota composition is altered in individuals with T2DM. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and lipidomics needs to be clarified in T2DM [214]. Animal studies suggest...
The organs of the circulation (angiologia) include the bloodvascular system and the lymphatic system. The bloodvascular system (systema cardiovasculare) consists of the heart, its central organ, and the blood vessels among which we differentiate the arteries, running centrifugally from the heart, an...
6.3.2NEURAL INNERVATION OF IMMUNE ORGANS The fat body, a major organ of the immune system (Gillespie et al., 1997), is innervated in insects (Hazarika and Gupta, 1987). Fat body innervation supports the possibility of direct neural influence on immune function, although such a connection rema...
The three major tryptophan metabolism pathways leading to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), kynurenine, and indole derivatives are under the direct or indirect control of the gut microbiota [153,154]. The gut microbiota can regulate the 5-HT production pathway in enterochromaffin cells via tryptophan ...
The rhomboid major is a rhombus or diamond shape. The size of the muscle can be used to distinguish between two muscles found in the same region. The gluteal region contains three muscles differentiated by size---the gluteus maximus (large), gluteus medius (medium), and gluteus minimus (...
M. et al. Whole grain-rich diet reduces body weight and systemic low-grade inflammation without inducing major changes of the gut microbiome: a randomised cross-over trial. Gut 68, 83–93 (2019). Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Mardinoglu, A. et al. An integrated understanding of the...