Based on these arguments, I sketch an alternative approach to the nature of medical research that I argue is superior to EBM's hierarchy of evidence for both epistemological and ethical reasons. Finally, I consider the implications of my proposed alternative for the way in which secondary ...
GRADE: levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. PMCID: PMC1719916 B Phillips - 《Archives of Disease in Childhood》 被引量: 321发表: 2004年 Hierarchy of evidence: differences in results between non-randomized studies and randomized trials in patients with femoral neck fractures Grading the...
Proponents of evidence-based medicine (EBM) suggest that a hierarchy of evidence is needed to guide medical research and practice. Given a variety of possible evidence hierarchies, however, the particular version offered by EBM needs to be justified. This article argues that two familiar justificatio...
The concept of good and evil personalities proposed by researchers in Chinese culture, conducts a specific interpretation of moral and immoral characters from the perspective of personality. Study 1 investigated whether there was a hierarchy between good and evil personalities. The results showed that ...
4.1.1 The investigator(s) should be qualified by education, training, and experience to assume responsibility for the proper conduct of the trial, should meet all the qualifications specified by the applicable regulatory requirements), and should provide evidence of such qualifications through up-to-...
Background: In the hierarchy of research designs, the results of randomized, controlled trials are considered to be evidence of the highest grade, whereas observational studies are viewed as having less validity because they reportedly overestimate treatment effects. We used published meta-analyses to ...
Treatments including the Heimlich manoeuvre, cardiac defibrillation and parachutes to prevent death have never been tested in RCTs, yet their effectiveness is surely strongly supported by evidence. 展开 关键词: Causation Hierarchy Hill guiding characteristics ...
These are important gaps to address, especially for those developing evidence-generation strategies or drafting guidance on the use of preference data to support decision making. To fill this gap, the ISPOR Stated Preference Research Special Interest Group examined European decision makers’ consideration...
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Decision-makers objectively commit to a definitive choice, yet at the subjective level, human decisions appear to be associated with a degree of uncertainty. Whether decisions are definitive (i.e., concluding in all-or-none choices), or whether the under