countries”,basedonthreeindicators:(i)concentration,asmeasuredbytheHerfindahl-Hirschman Indexandthemarketshareofnon-EUsupplyingcountries;(ii)theimportanceofdemand,calculatedasextra-EUimports’shareoftotalEUimports;and(iii)substitutability,calculatedastheratioof extra-EUimportstototalEUexports.FortheUnitedStates,we...
In those studies, the degree of technological diversification was measured by using an entropy index (Choi & Lee, 2021; Huang & Chen, 2010; Kim et al., 2016; Miller, 2006), the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (Dindaroğlu, 2018; Garcia-Vega, 2006; Leten et al., 2007; Lin & Chen, 2005...
enterprises in different industries may adopt varying responses based on the intensity of competition within their industry. In existing research, the Herfindahl index is often applied to measure industry competition [109]. This index is a (0,1) measure...
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is one of the most popular measures of market concentration among researchers (Ali, Khattak, & Alam, 2023; Martín-Oliver et al., 2020). HHI is calculated by summing the square of the market shares (gross loan portfolio) of each individual MFI using ...
(2016), we use the Herfindahl–Hirschman index (HHI) of industrial market concentration as a proxy for market competitiveness. A low HHI value implies below-median industrial concentration and a market closer to perfect competition, whereas a high HHI value indicates above-median industrial ...
The Herfindahl-Hirschman index is equal to a) The sum of shares of purchases by the largest consumers of the industry's products. b) The sum of market shares of the largest firms in an industry. c) The sum of squared market shares of all firms in the ind...
financial service to the firm. Third, we include a measure of how concentrated the firm's borrowing is the number of institutions that account for more than 10 percent of the firm's borrowing. Finally, we include the Herfindahl index for financial institutions in the immediate area of the ...
Econometric estimates of premiums associated with buyer concentration, as measured by the Herfindahl Index, are obtained using hedonic price analysis. The results are consistent with theory, and it is concluded that increased buyer concentration favors growers providing a "periphery" of small compe...
According to Australian Energy Regulator (2017), the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) of all NEM’s regions ranged between 0.17 and 0.25 from 2010 to 2017. hese values are consistent with other competitive markets, such as England and Wales, Singapore, and Sweden, whose HHI values are respecti...
The measurement of product diversification borrows the concept of the Herfindahl Hirschman Index (HHI), which is widely used for measuring industry concentration. The data for the calculation of product focus is collected from “Business Statistics of Each Property Insurance Company” in the Yearbook ...