The tumor microenvironment (TME) is comprised of non-malignant cells that interact with each other and with cancer cells, critically impacting cancer biology. The TME is complex, and understanding it requires simplifying approaches. Here we provide an ex
Furthermore, recent studies have shown that STR variations in immune genes, such as HLA loci, can shape immune responses and contribute to adaptation to diverse environments132. In addition, TRs located in regulatory regions can facilitate evolutionary adaptations. Recent research has suggested that ...
Scaffold-free 3D cell culture is where cells self-assemble to form spheroids in the absence of scaffolds [89]. The major ones include forced floating, hanging drop, magnetic levitation and stirring spinner flask culture. The forced floating method primarily uses ultra-low attachment plates, which ...
Intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) is a hallmark of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) that reflects the trajectory of evolution and influences clinical prognosis. Here, we seek to elucidate how ITH and tumor evolution during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment can lead to therapy resistan...
Recently, tumour-derived exosomes (TEX) have been shown to markedly affect angiogenesis [79,80,81]. Data show that miR-23a from hypoxic tumour cell colonies increased the expression levels of angiogenic marker genes, such as VEGF, VEGFR2, and MMP9, by modulating the levels of SIRT1 [82]....
reflect increasedDNAcontent. Variation in nuclear size and shape (anisonucleosis) is a manifestation of genetic instability,aneuploidy, and cell-to-cell variation in thekaryotype. The amount of cytoplasm reflects the degree of maturation of squamous cells and is an important feature in grading ...
Once becoming subdivided into various cell types along the AP axis, the epithelial FCs undergo dramatic cell shape change and directed migration at middle and late oogenesis [1, 2]. These morphogenetic processes include: (1) During stage 9, a group of 6-10 border cells delaminate from the an...
Human Scrib, which is a functional homologue of Drosophila scribble, is a member of the leucine-rich repeat and PDZ (LAP) family of proteins that is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, cell shape and polarity. In addition, Scrib displays tumor suppressor activity. The binding between...
shown, the “cortex—outer medulla—inner medulla” three-layer zonal distribution pattern of cells in the kidney is restored by scSpace (Supplementary Fig.13c–e). Furthermore, scSpace also accurately reconstructs the more refined spatial architectures of the various cell populations of the thin...
(7) no longer holds, and the power-law exponent (the slope of the curve) tends to be a constant, as shown in Fig. 5b. In our self-similar hierarchical model, the power-law exponent of the third-level hierarchy takes the lower limit of 0.125, when the cell stiffness is extremely ...