The problem of finding a zero point of a maximal monotone operator plays a central role in modeling many application problems arising from various fields, and the proximal point algorithm (PPA) is among the fundamental algorithms for solving the zero-finding problem. PPA not only provides a very...
Creating a reward model: A reward model is trained to predict the quality of model-generated responses based on the collected human feedback. Performing reinforcement learning: ChatGPT is fine-tuned using reinforcement learning algorithms, such as Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), guided by the re...
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of MulchRoom revealed small capsids (43.7 ± 3.0 nm,n = 5) that were approximately half the size of the helper capsids (81.9 ± 0.5 nm,n = 2). Mulchroom also displayed long siphovirus-like tails (330.8 ± 3.8...
Figure 1. Types of machine learning algorithms: supervised learning—task driven (classification); unsupervised learning—data driven (clustering); and reinforcement learning—algorithm learns from trial and error. The predictive models encompass the key elements of the “training”, “validation”, and...
the simpler does not have the necessary information to generate something more complex than itself. This theory maintains that the more complex must preexist the simpler, in potential or virtual form, to thus guarantee its formation. From a logical point of view, the proposition that the evolutio...
Trial to improve patient pathway and allow repatriation to the regional centres for surgery by placement of localisers at point of assessment. Methodology: 25 reflectors were placed as part of this pilot. The patients were identified on day of assessment. Unifocal, non-palpable cancers or ...
This paper briefly provides an overview on the history, status quo and potential future development of ChatGPT, helping to provide an entry point to think about ChatGPT. Specifically, from the limited open-accessed resources, we conclude the core techniques of ChatGPT, mainly including large-...
Convergence properties of iterative methods for symmetric positive semidefinite linear complementarity problems Math. Oper. Res., 18 (1993), pp. 317-333 CrossrefGoogle Scholar [5] J. Eckstein Nonlinear proximal point algorithms using Bregman functions, with applications to convex programming Math. Oper...
6. Classification of offloading 7. Task offloading in dynamic Edge-IoV networks 8. VEC technical categorization 9. Critical challenges, open issue, and future work 10. Conclusion 11. Intellectual property Funding sources CRediT authorship contribution statement Declaration of competing interest References ...
To assess ischaemic penumbra through the post-processing of the spectral multiphasic CT Angiography (mCTA) data in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) patients. Thirty one consecutive patients strongly suspected of severe Middle Cerebral Artery AIS presenting less than 6 h after onset of symptoms or with ...