In Gram-negative bacteria RND transporters act as a complex that can bind various structurally unrelated substrates from the periplasm and/or from the cytoplasm and extrude them out directly into the external media using proton-motive force. This complex is composed of a RND protein, located in ...
The Cell Cytoplasm: A eukaryotic cell is comprised of membrane-bound organelles, such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. Furthermore, it contains a nucleus, as well as a cytoplasm. The cytoplasm contains a liquid portion in turn. ...
The matrix also made contact with the plasma membrane at a large number of distinct regions. We thus concluded that the cytoplasm of cortical lens fibers is comprised of a cytoskeletal matrix of "beaded" filaments that organize the "soluble" crystallins in separate regions. The association of ...
centrosome- small region of cytoplasm adjacent to the nucleus; contains the centrioles and serves to organize the microtubules central body cytol,cytoplasm- the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; is full of proteins that control cell metabolism ...
Thus, the upstream region of the cluster is comprised of novel genes likely involved directly in the assembly of scytonemin biosynthesis, where early condensing reactions occur in the cytoplasm and presumably later steps appear to be localized to the periplasm. Most of the genes located towards ...
Such follicle cells are part of the complex envelope that limits spermatocysts of A. occidentalis, which is also comprised of a collagen layer, a thick layer of intertwined cells, and spicules. Follicle cells showed vesicles containing single phagocytosed spermatozoa within their cytoplasm. ...
CircRNAs, as well-studied members of the ncRNAs superfamily, mostly exist in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Back-splicing, in which a covalent link is formed between a downstream splice-donor region and an upstream splice-acceptor site, is a principal process that conducts the production of ...
WNT signalling activates the T cell factor 1 (TCF1) and lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1) family transcription factors through stabilizing their co-activator, β-catenin, and mobilizing it from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (ChIP–seq). ...
The signals are then transmitted to MAPKAP (mitogen-activated protein kinase activated protein) kinase and multiple other substrates, which may be localized in the cytoplasm, nucleus, or other cellular organelles to modulate various biological responses [128,133]. Direct binding of ERK1/2 to the ...
xenobiotic and energy metabolism104. BSH is predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of microorganisms, but extracellular forms have also been observed, and its activity has been demonstrated in the filtered supernatant of the probioticLactobacillus johnsonii105. Interestingly, a loss of gut microbiota-der...