83the other used conditional VIPR2 knockout animals in just RORg+ immune cells.32VIP has been reported to indirectly activate enteric glial cells in a VIPR2-independent manner,84which in turn could secrete GDNF family members to activate
and the glands inside them that secrete potentially useful compounds are smaller still. This can make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for subsequent testing. Thirdly,
In the bone ecosystem, MM interacts closely with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other progenitor cells6,12,13,14,15 that secrete MM pro-survival and proliferative factors. Additional studies have shown that the bone marrow microenvironment can also protect MM cells from applied therapy, a ...
NK cells that enter the CNS can stimulate neurotoxic glial cell differentiation by secreting IFN or directly bind to neurons through the FasL-Fas receptor interaction, leading to neuronal toxicity [174]. Activated B cells can also secrete autoantibodies and exert neurotoxic effects [174]. Astrocytes...
Numerous plant-associated microbes have been shown to secrete chemical compounds that directly suppress the growth of microbial opponents [159]. Filamentous eukaryotes are well known to produce a multitude of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites that have antifungal activities against phylogenetically ...
[161] discovered a mechanism in which micelle-loaded lipid nanocapsules entrapping exenatide could also activate entero-endocrine L cells to secrete GLP-1, thereby creating a synergistic effect between the delivery of exenatide and the promotion of GLP-1 secretion. This was the first time that ...
Numerous plant-associated microbes have been shown to secrete chemical compounds that directly suppress the growth of microbial opponents [159]. Filamentous eukaryotes are well known to produce a multitude of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites that have antifungal activities against phylogenetically ...
(3D) cell culture emerged as the times require. 3D cell culture means that cells are cultured in a 3D environment that more realistically resembles the microenvironment in vivo, so that the cell–cell and cell-extracellular matrix can thoroughly interact with each other, and the morphology, ...
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites and show striking potential to aid tumor diagnosis and treatment [222, 223]. Cells in the TME can secrete exosomes to interact with and dynamically...
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ,