so I’ll let theNIHdo it for me: “Researchers have found that when the genes for a microbe’s antigens are introduced into the body, some cells will take up that DNA. The DNA then instructs those cells to make the antigen molecules. The cells secrete the antigens and display them o...
and the glands inside them that secrete potentially useful compounds are smaller still. This can make it difficult to obtain sufficient quantities of the compound for subsequent testing. Thirdly,
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ,
Within HIPV, there are two major classes: (1) GLVs, emitted immediately after wounding (seconds–minutes) and specifically linked to mechanical damage of cell membranes; and (2) compounds that are emitted a few to several hours after infection (MTs, SQTs, homoterpenes, MeSA and methyl jasmon...
In the bone ecosystem, MM interacts closely with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other progenitor cells6,12,13,14,15 that secrete MM pro-survival and proliferative factors. Additional studies have shown that the bone marrow microenvironment can also protect MM cells from applied therapy, a ...
their small size enables nanomaterials to precisely target cancer cells or tissues through passive means, leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Alternatively, they can achieve active targeting by attaching to specific ligands like aptamers and antibodies. The nanoparticle developme...
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles that contain a variety of bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites and show striking potential to aid tumor diagnosis and treatment [222, 223]. Cells in the TME can secrete exosomes to interact with and dynamically...
Numerous plant-associated microbes have been shown to secrete chemical compounds that directly suppress the growth of microbial opponents [159]. Filamentous eukaryotes are well known to produce a multitude of low-molecular-weight secondary metabolites that have antifungal activities against phylogenetically ...
The apoptosis of infected type 2 pneumocytes induce the release of inflammatory mediators, that activate alveolar macrophages to secrete three essential cytokines: IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α [32,65]. IL-6 interacts with its receptor (whose concentration was increased following the activation of ADAM...
(3D) cell culture emerged as the times require. 3D cell culture means that cells are cultured in a 3D environment that more realistically resembles the microenvironment in vivo, so that the cell–cell and cell-extracellular matrix can thoroughly interact with each other, and the morphology, ...