(a) What are the 4 main macromolecules? (b) What are their functions? Explain the importance of the function of each of the four major macromolecules. What are the four types of macromolecules? What are the four major organic macromolecules made of? Identify the major macromolecules ...
In a linear macromolecule the monomeric units are joined covalently into a chain whose length is characterized by the degree of polymerization (the number of repeating units) or by the molecular weight. The aggregate of the macromolecules of a given polymer, as distinct from the molecules of a ...
Soil enzymes are one type of the most important biological components of the soil ecosystem. They play an important role in organic matter decom- position and nutrient cycling12. For instance, the hydroxylases (e.g. urease and sucrase etc.) can hydrolyze the macromolecules, such as proteins ...
In natural medicinal chemistry research, the active ingredients found in TCMs primarily exert their efficacy through a population of small molecules, which includes oligosaccharides, saponins, terpenoids, and alkaloids, among others [43]. However, the in vivo delivery of small molecule drugs is largely...
In view of the fact that a significant fraction of the gut space is occupied by macromolecules, it is important to consider the impact that crowded medium might have on the self-assembly of nanostructures and lipid hydrolysis. The term “macromolecular crowding” was coined to connote the ...
S1). In addition, to rule out the CB particles in the blood from the interference of biological macromolecules, we doped the CB particles with Au for more pronounced tracking in biological media. The Au@CB particles showed the same morphology and size as the origin CB particles (Fig. 3c-d...
First, it can damage cellular macromolecules (e.g., membrane lipids, proteins, and DNA). Among the related mechanisms, lipid peroxidation (LPO) is considered to be an important cause of cell membrane damage because it degrades polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes, thereby disrupting the...
(1) Lysosomes directly degrade nonessential macromolecules through the autophagy pathway [35]. During cancer development and progression, the demand for nutrients and energy by cancer cells increases. In the case of local ischemia and hypoxia, the autophagy pathway in cancer cells is activated to ...
However, in the nuclear pore complex, which is a large protein pore with a gel-like plug that regulates the transfer of macromolecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, certain transporter molecules that are larger than the mesh size are observed to facilitate their own diffusion through the...
During senescence, leaf cells experience extensive alterations in gene expression and metabolism, resulting in the decomposition of macromolecules and the reallocation of essential nutrients to newer tissues or reproductive organs3,4. Premature leaf senescence can be induced by unfavorable environmental ...