ScienceChemistryChemistry: Atoms First The given temperatures have to be converted to Kelvin scale. Concept Introduction: Temperature is the measure of heat of a substance. Temperature is measured in Celsius scale. But usually represented in Kelvin scale. The tempera...
One of the simplest ways to analyze the structure of water in any system, such as hydration, is to measure the degree of compressibility, which can be determined from the speed of sound, by making use of the physical laws established by Newton and later perfected by Laplace. Altho...
Photosynthesis can be impaired by combined high light and high temperature (HLHT) stress. Obtaining HLHT tolerant photoautotrophs is laborious and time-consuming, and in most cases the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we increase the mutation rates of cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elon...
Digital touchscreen multimeter (Tektronix DMM6500) was employed to measure the electrical properties of the PPG hydrogel. The tests included the following: (1) The conductivity value was calculated with Eq. (4), $$\sigma = L/\left( {R \times S} \right)$$ (4) where L is the lengt...
Food scientists use a scale called water activity, which is a measure of the freely available water in a material (from 0 to 1). Bacteria need a water activity value of 0.85 or greater to multiply. The reason so many pantry goods are “shelf stable” is either low moisture content (...
The Tm, which is defined as the temperature at which one half of a complex is disrupted, is a measure of thermal stability, not thermodynamic stability (ΔG°). This is an important distinction because, in the absence of additional data, relative Tm values are not necessarily good predictors...
Uncertainty of relative (linear) TCs is currently estimated to be around 25% forISC(the influence is very small and thus difficult to measure) and around 5–10% forVOCandPMPP, although commonly agreed-on methods for determination of this uncertainty still have to be developed. The fact that...
To take an accurate measure of what difference the heat we create can make to our atmosphere we have to allow for the entire atmosphere to be compressed to that of surface pressure. When you calculate that down it ends up being only a little over 10 kilometres from the surface. I have ...
(and in minor measure magnesium) obtained from food accounts for a large proportion of the carbonate excreted in wild feeding fishes. Diet may also alter intestinal fluid composition, and thus the precipitated carbonate polymorphs. However, existing data show no difference in the composition of ...
WIP is calculated as the molar proportion of mobile elements and weighted by the bond strength of each element with oxygen as a measure of susceptibility to weathering: $${{{\rm{WIP}}}=\left(\frac{2{{{\rm{Na}}}_{2}{{{\rm{O}}}{0.35}+\frac{{{\rm{MgO}}}{0.90}+\frac{2{{{...