One of the simplest ways to analyze the structure of water in any system, such as hydration, is to measure the degree of compressibility, which can be determined from the speed of sound, by making use of the physical laws established by Newton and later perfected by Laplace. Altho...
Photosynthesis can be impaired by combined high light and high temperature (HLHT) stress. Obtaining HLHT tolerant photoautotrophs is laborious and time-consuming, and in most cases the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we increase the mutation rates of cyanobacteriumSynechococcus elon...
Digital touchscreen multimeter (Tektronix DMM6500) was employed to measure the electrical properties of the PPG hydrogel. The tests included the following: (1) The conductivity value was calculated with Eq. (4), $$\sigma = L/\left( {R \times S} \right)$$ (4) where L is the lengt...
Food scientists use a scale called water activity, which is a measure of the freely available water in a material (from 0 to 1). Bacteria need a water activity value of 0.85 or greater to multiply. The reason so many pantry goods are “shelf stable” is either low moisture content (...
The Tm, which is defined as the temperature at which one half of a complex is disrupted, is a measure of thermal stability, not thermodynamic stability (ΔG°). This is an important distinction because, in the absence of additional data, relative Tm values are not necessarily good predictors...
1.1 Why we measure temperature? Temperature is important because it is something we feel and because it has an effect on the smallest parts of our daily life, from how to adjust our housing and clothing, to what we eat for supper. We recognize a fever caused by an infection, for example...
A conventional thermometer should not be used to calculate the temperature in a vacuum for this (and many other reasons). This may, however, be accomplished with a laser thermometer, which is how we normally measure temperatures in space. In other words, the temperature of a perfect vacuum ...
A) molality B) all choices provided C) molarity D) percent mass E) mole fraction Preparing Solutions: When preparing a solution, it is important that the final volume be accurately measured since this affects the concentration of ...
(and in minor measure magnesium) obtained from food accounts for a large proportion of the carbonate excreted in wild feeding fishes. Diet may also alter intestinal fluid composition, and thus the precipitated carbonate polymorphs. However, existing data show no difference in the composition of ...
WIP is calculated as the molar proportion of mobile elements and weighted by the bond strength of each element with oxygen as a measure of susceptibility to weathering: $${{{\rm{WIP}}}=\left(\frac{2{{{\rm{Na}}}_{2}{{{\rm{O}}}{0.35}+\frac{{{\rm{MgO}}}{0.90}+\frac{2{{{...