This work proposes an EV fleet control strategy to implement a three-layer energy management system: Optimal storage distribution (OSD), optimal power exchange (OPE) and smart EV ranking (SER). The key objectives are minimizing grid dependency, energy cost, EV battery degradation and to maximize...
In this context, the particle swarm optimization technique achieves the second-best ranking, with a TNPC of USD 30,200 and an EC of 1.296 USD/kWh. In contrast, the genetic algorithm technique is ranked the lowest, with a TNPC of USD 59,042 and a CE of 1.761 USD/kWh. Figure 9. ...