meaning\(\eta ^{L}>\eta ^{W}\). If\(\eta <\eta ^{L}\), the MNE has an incentive for licensing and domestic welfare is larger with the ALP (i.e., the CUP method)
Aggressive tax avoidance is the artificial (non-genuine) arrangement of transactions undertaken predominantly or exclusively by rational agents with the objective of tax optimization, meaning that it leaves the real value creation processes of the economic entities, i.e., the economic substance,Footnote...
We provide a brief explanation of the incoterms, their meaning, and the values of our variable INCO in Table 1 Panel A.10 Table 1. Incoterms. Panel A: Definition of Incoterms Empty Cell IncotermFull NameExplanationValue variable INCO EXW Ex Works All costs and risks of transport from ...