2000年法国人Tarascon首先在Nature上报道了锂离子电池3d过渡金属氧化物负极材料的电化学性能，他们针对这类材料与锂离子反应的机理做了大量的研究工作。3d过渡金属氧化物本身通常并不具备嵌锂功能，其所含金属元素也不能够与锂形成合金，但能够通过转化反应(或称为相转化反应)机制(或连续的嵌锂、转化反应两步机制)与锂
Tarascon * & M. Armand;2001 03.Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices;ANTONINO SALVATORE ARICò, PETER BRUCE, BRUNO SCROSATI, JEAN-MARIE TARASCON AND WALTER VAN SCHALKWIJK; 2005 04.Building better batteries; M. Armand and J.-M. Tarascon; 2008 05.Nanomaterials ...
80 km Lead batteries 1900 Prior to the first World War In the USA In the USA 1 500 electric vehicles 1 000 thermal vehicles 30% were electric vehicles Ragone Plot n o 1000 i T t h e r m a a l e n r g i n e e s l e c c A Supercapacitors Batteries 100 ‐ ‐ ‐ + V...