While the cranial/caudal ratio was the smallest in ostrich and the largest in pigeon. The parameters of penguin were closed to that of pigeon. It is supposed that this ratio is related to the bird locomotion, flying, swimming or/and strolling.Abdo, Mohamed...
The meaning of SYNSACRUM is a solidly fused series of vertebrae in the pelvic region in birds, dinosaurs, and pterosaurs comprising usually the last rib-bearing or thoracic vertebra, the two sacral vertebrae, and a varying number of caudal vertebrae.
As in mammals, the pelvis in adult birds is composed of the fused ilium, ischium, and pubis. However, in birds, the pelvis is fused with the synsacrum at the ilia (left and right). This fusion forms a rigid framework such that the muscular activity is not required to maintain flight ...
The functional significance of structural differences in the synsacrum of ornithurine and enantiornithine birds is discussed.doi:10.1134/S0031030111030166Zelenkov[ZelenkovNV[ZelenkovAverianov[ZelenkovAO[ZelenkovPALEONTOL J+Zelenkov, N.V., Averianov, A.O., 2011. Synsacrum of a primitive bird from the...