Atmospheric reanalysisCoastal upwellingEkman pumpingOcean forcing datasetsRemote sensingWindsOcean surface winds determine energy, material and momentum fluxes through the air-sea interface. Accounting for wind
Mixing at the ocean surface is key for atmosphere–ocean interactions and the distribution of heat, energy, and gases in the upper ocean. Winds are the primary force for surface mixing. To properly simulate upper ocean dynamics and the flux of these quantities within the upper ocean, models mu...
Finally, to match the minimum wind stress observed in the equatorial cold tongue at 0°, 95° W when computed from winds relative to surface currents, the gustiness was increased so that the daily averaged wind stress enhanced by the atmospheric gustiness (\(\overline{{\rm{gust}}_{\rm{...
The derivation of emissivity from radiance also depends strongly on the assumption of physical temperature of the material. As mentioned in the previous section, this depends on a limited number of direct measurements of the surface, the inferred change in lapse rate of atmospheric temperature and i...
(Fig.4a, c). The growth and peak stages of the strong East Asian trough may lead to below-normal air temperatures over East Asia48,49. Second, Fig.4bshows that the 500 hPa winds exhibit an easterly anomaly over the cold surface temperature anomalies, with westerlies to the south. The ...
Since the middle Holocene, the ITCZ continued to shift southward due to the decreasing summer insolation and its influence on the upper reaches of the YT weakened significantly; moreover, this influence was also weaker than that of the mid-latitude westerly winds in winter. A previous study fou...
slicks were only visible at wind speeds between 4 and 20 km h−1. At winds < 4 km h−1the ocean surface was predominantly smooth, while at winds > 20 km h−1the ocean surface was predominantly rippled. In either case, slicks were indiscernible and therefore could not be ...
Ketsana (Fig. 7a) produced the most precipitation amongst the four TCs ( Â2.79 )1013 kg in the simulation domain) and also produced the strongest winds and hence had the largest kinetic energy among the four. This is primarily due to its longer time over the ocean. Also, the transfer...
Atmospheric winds • Wind velocities • Small spacecraft delivery/entry Surfaces • Electrical properties and roughness • Uplink and cross-link instrumentation Surface–atmosphere interactions • Seasonal ice deposition on Mars • Geophysically induced waves • Geographical and temporal resolution...
An ensemble Kalman filter reanalysis has been archived in the Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. It used a CAM6 configuration of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), several million observations per day, and the Da