An upper limit to the Venus surface pressure of 25 bars is obtained by combining a mechanical model of the atmosphere with an atmospheric model that reproduces the observed brightness temperature of the planet. It is also shown that carbon dioxide is not a minor constituent of the Cytherean at...
Although the underlying physical concepts employed to study the near surface are similar to solid Earth studies, the low pressure and temperature regime of the near surface means that the physical properties are distinctly different from the deep Earth. Similarly, the methods developed to investigate ...
Average sea level pressure data with 1σ error bars (bottom) are obtained from 30 barometers in SW Japan Full size image Steady subsidence of ~ 5 mm after the heavy rain episode is seen over the second half of August for the whole SW Japan. It is due to the increase of ...
The most common method to characterize surface wettability is to measure the contact angles that a millimetric droplet makes on the surface (contact angle goniometry), and in recent years there have been several excellent review and perspective papers on the subject23,24,25,26. Traditionally, liq...
Similar processes occur in stiff and swelling clays27. Discontinuities and shear zones can transfer pore water pressure changes to large depths14,28,29, as well as heat through water or air flow30,31,32. Destructuration, softening, and enhanced weathering in a deforming body may result in ...
Assuming steady state of carbon dioxide levels in a "pressure-cooker" atmosphere/ocean system (10–20 bars, near 100°C) produced by a land weathering sink and volcanic source (BLAG model), an abiotic Earth model for 3.8 Ga requires present biotic enhancements of weathering to be on the ...
On the other hand, as spaceborne SAR can also operate in horizontal-horizontal (HH) polarization, the so-called polarization ratio (PR) can be used to transform the HH-polarized NRCS into the VV-polarized NRCS; then the GMFs developed for VV-polarized data can be applied to retrieve the ...
Figure 4. Ratio of GIβ on inclined surface to horizontal one, for each month. Mean value for each month for β = Latitude and β = optimum angle, along with error bars representing the 1σ standard deviation of ratios for each month. Small points are all 25 cities ratios for each mont...
Winds and Air Pressure So we just learned that winds are created by pressure variations in the atmosphere. These pressure fields are shown on weather charts by a series of isobars, or lines of constant pressure. Just like how contours on a topographic map mark areas of equal elevation, iso...
The field measured SSS profiles at each station were measured directly using a SeaBird conductivity temperature-depth/pressure (CTD) recorders (SBE 25plus or 911plus). A cruise was conducted during “Vulnerabilities and Opportunities of the Coastal Ocean (VOCO)” on the ECS inner shelf during 12...